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- <text>
- <title>
- (Roosevelt) Crimea Conference:Moment In History
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--FDR Portrait
- </history>
- <link 00098><article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- February 19, 1945
- Moment in History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> At 4:30 in the afternoon of Lincoln's Birthday, 1945, those
- U.S. citizens who were listening to their radios heard the first
- word of what might turn out to be the most important conference
- of the century.
- </p>
- <p> With breathless enthusiasm, the newscasters announced that
- the eight-day meeting of the Big Three in the 100-room Crimean
- castle of Livadia had ended. (They had a clean beat, for many an
- afternoon newspaper had suspended publication because of the
- holiday.)
- </p>
- <p> By any standards, the Crimean Conference was a great
- achievement. All doubts about the Big Three's ability to
- cooperate, in peace as well as war, seemed now to have been swept
- away. On the basis of the Big Three's communique, no citizen of
- the U.S., the U.S.S.R., or Great Britain could complain that his
- country had been sold down the river.
- </p>
- <p> For Americans, there was a special recognition of certain
- precepts which Americans have always held dear, and which would
- reassure many a citizen that World War II was not being fought in
- vain.
- </p>
- <p> For one, the principle of "free and unfettered elections" by
- universal suffrage and secret ballot was unequivocally stated.
- This was imbedded in the Crimean Charter specifically as to
- Poland, and generally as to all the liberated countries.
- </p>
- <p> For another, the principle of Dumbarton Oaks, i.e.,
- collective security, was roundly reaffirmed, with the additional
- disclosure that the chief stumbling block (the voting powers of
- big members) has been ironed out.
- </p>
- <p> Malta to Yalta. For his second conference of the Big Three
- and his ninth with Winston Churchill, the President departed from
- Washington shortly after his Jan. 20 inauguration. He appeared at
- Malta on Feb. 2 on a bright and spotless U.S. battleship. He was
- wearing an old-fashioned tweed cap.
- </p>
- <p> There he was met by Winston Churchill; the two men went into
- conference which lasted through dinner. At this meeting, new
- phases of the Pacific War were discussed. The President and Prime
- Minister then boarded planes for a night flight to a secret
- Crimean airport.
- </p>
- <p> For the conferences, the President was flanked by the most
- impressive group of high-ranking military and Government
- officials he has yet taken to an international conference. For
- the military sessions there were Generals Marshall and Somervell,
- Admirals King and Leahy, Vice Admiral Land of the Maritime
- Commission, and Major General Laurence S. Kuter, assistant chief
- of the Air Staff, pinch-hitting for General Arnold, who is abed
- in Washington with virus pneumonia. For the diplomatic
- conferences, U.S. representatives included Secretary of State
- Stettinius, Harry Hopkins, OWMR Boss Jimmy Byrnes, Ambassador
- Harriman, and a host of State Department experts.
- </p>
- <p> The President's personal entourage included his physician
- and aides, Press Secretary Steve Early, Daughter Anna Roosevelt
- Boettiger, and Bronx Democratic Boss Ed Flynn who, the White
- House was quick to announce, "went along as an old friend and
- took no part in the conferences."
- </p>
- <p> Cheers. In Congress, the first reaction to the Crimean
- Charter was overwhelming approval. Said Majority Leader Alben
- Barkley: "A source of great gratification...." Added Minority
- Leader Wallace H. White: "This speaks in forthright terms."
- </p>
- <p> After the Senate session, Michigan's Arthur H. Vandenberg,
- chief Republican spokesman on foreign affairs, issued a
- statement: "It reaffirms basic principles of justice to which we
- are deeply attached, and it undertakes for the first time to
- implement these principles by direct action."
- </p>
- <p>The Economic Side
- </p>
- <p> A scant four and a half hours before the resounding Big
- Three communique was released in Washington, the White House made
- public another document, as important in its own way as the
- message from Yalta.
- </p>
- <p> Franklin Roosevelt, pressing for quick action on the
- economic side of world affairs, called on Congress immediately to
- ratify the Bretton Woods monetary agreement negotiated by 44 of
- the United Nations last summer. He followed this with a warning
- that Congress should then get ready for action on seven other
- treaties or agreements in the international economic sphere.
- </p>
- <p> Franklin Roosevelt considers the Bretton Woods agreement the
- "cornerstone" of world economic cooperation--just as he regards
- Dumbarton Oaks as the "cornerstone" of world political
- cooperation. Plainly, he wants ratification of both.
- </p>
- <p> "It is time," said he, "for the United States to take the
- lead in establishing the principle of economic cooperation as a
- foundation for expanded world trade."
- </p>
- <p> That the U.S. would take the lead, if Bretton Woods is
- ratified, is plainly indicated by the fact that the U.S. would be
- the heaviest contributor to both the International Bank for
- Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary
- Fund contemplated by the Bretton Woods agreement. Purpose of the
- Bank is to guarantee or make loans for reconstruction to
- devastated countries. Purpose of the Fund: to control monetary
- exchange fluctuations.
- </p>
- <p> The Major Problem. Apparently anticipating criticism of
- Bretton Woods in Congress, Franklin Roosevelt characterized the
- agreement as "the product of the best minds that 44 nations could
- muster." He added: "It would be a tragedy if differences of
- opinion on minor details should lead us to sacrifice the basic
- agreement achieved on the major problems."
- </p>
- <p> Actually, Bretton Woods was not up for Congressional
- consideration when the President made his appeal. Bills embodying
- the agreement were to be introduced in the House and Senate this
- week. Few members of Congress have taken either one side or the
- other on Bretton Woods.
- </p>
- <p> The other economic measures which the President announced he
- would shortly submit to Congress:
- </p>
- <p>-- An agreement, drawn at Hot Springs, Va. 20 months ago,
- setting up a United Nations Commission on Food and Agriculture.
- </p>
- <p>-- Strengthening and "broadening" of reciprocal trade
- agreements.
- </p>
- <p>-- Reduction of trade barriers.
- </p>
- <p>-- Control of cartels.
- </p>
- <p>-- Boosting the capitalization of the Export-Import Bank,
- which handles loans of U.S. money.
- </p>
- <p>-- An international oil agreement.
- </p>
- <p>-- International agreements on civil aviation, shipping and
- communications.
- </p>
- <p> This would be a back-breaking schedule for Congress to
- tackle. But the program, Franklin Roosevelt said confidently, "is
- our hope for a secure and fruitful world. We have a chance to use
- our influence in favor of a more united and cooperating world."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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